These instruments

•

These instruments are well (or fully) suited for such measurement.

•

These instruments are well (or fully) suited for such measurement.

. по мере возможности

•

Extend the line as far across the board as possible.

•

All these instruments should so (or as) far as possible be grouped together.

. достигнуть совершенно неожиданного успеха

•

These instruments extend the chemist's studies to a scope undreamed of a few years ago.

. близкий к действительности; более точное приближение; достаточно точная картина

•

The 4n + 2 rule is precise.

•

This was 0.1 % above the true value.

•

This expression is thermodynamically exact.

•

A faithful (or exact, or true) copy of each message...

•

These instruments are precise.

•

A precision method.

•

The defect can be corrected by lapping the measuring faces on a true flat surface.

•

Squaring fixtures are used on grinders to produce true square edges required on...

• Чтобы эффективно действовать в подобной ситуации, мы должны... - In order to deal effectively with circumstances of this kind, we must...

• Эти инструменты работали наиболее эффективно. - These instruments performed at their best.

• Это наиболее эффективно делается с помощью... - This can best be done by...

. по мере возможности

•

Extend the line as far across the board as possible.

•

All these instruments should so (or as) far as possible be grouped together.

* * *

 It is important that an effort be made to feed up as much as possible.

 The burner arrangement is designed to eliminate, insofar as possible, mixing as a variable in the experiments.

 All the partitions traversed the full breadth of the enclosure in order to achieve, as nearly as possible, a two-dimensional system.

. со временем

•

Such experiments will become more precise and more numerous as time passes.

•

Since all machines wear, their defects worsen as time goes on (or by).

•

Such optical binaries (stars) can be distinguished from real couples only in the course of time.

•

In (or With) time some of these bacteria developed metabolic pathways that led to...

•

As time elapses, the concentration profiles take on a different shape.

•

Over the years the electronic micrometer instruments have become more and more automatic.

•

The magnetic poles of the Earth tend to move slowly with the passage of time.

•

These substances have accumulated through time.

•

The pole of relative rotation can change its position through time.

•

These properties vary with time.

. представлять собой

•

The three instruments form (or comprise, or represent) a signal generator assembly.

•

Fourteen die castings make up (or constitute) the principal components of...

•

There are a number of plausible ways in which nucleons might be grouped to make up a nucleus.

•

These particles compose the hazes observed on Jupiter.

•

These three bonds comprise the triple bond.

II

. достигать

•

A mean sidereal day comprises 23 hr 56 min and 4 sec.

•

The apprentices' full term of training covers five years.

•

The canyon forms 5 percent of the satellite's surface.

•

The average planetoid diameter would run close to a mile.

•

Nitrogen, oxygen and argon together account for 99.97% of...

•

The cost of cooling towers may amount to 50% of the total cost of...

•

The value of this merchandise comes to only 10.4% of the total.

•

Argon constitutes (or makes up) almost 1% of the air.

•

The housing measures 12 in. in length.

•

The kinetic energies range from zero (up) to 3.5 MeV.

•

The build-up at edges may run as high as 0.05 in.

•

The investments total 10 mln dollars.

•

In man the adrenals comprise 0.0002% of the body weight.

•

In many such materials the clay-size grade and clay-mineral fractions comprise less than 50% of the total rock.

•

The figure represents about 27% of the gross national product.

•

The world's supply of californium is in the range of millionths of a gram.

•

Electrons contribute (or constitute) the bulk of ordinary matter.

•

The computer generates production reports.

•

We formulate (or make up) special compositions for ceramic bodies.

•

These errors may be allowed for by making up a calibration card for the instrument.

•

When drawing up a drill nomenclature...

•

A design diagram may be prepared by plotting...

•

To compile a map, a dictionary, a report...

 

низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
Примечания
1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

EN

power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
[IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

switchgear and controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEV number 441-11-01]

switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

switchboard
A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
[ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

switchboard
One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
[ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

FR

ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEV number 441-11-01]

A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
1. Live-front vertical panels
2. Dead-front boards
3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

[American electricians’ handbook]

---

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

It specifies in particular:

> the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

> the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.

[Schneider Electric]

НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

В частности, он определяет:

> распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

> конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.

[Перевод Интент]

 

LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.

[ABB]

Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики

• НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)

Классификация

>>>

Действия

• изготовление НКУ
• испытание НКУ
• подключение НКУ
• проектирование НКУ

Синонимы

• низковольтное комплектное устройство
• низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
• НКУ

Сопутствующие термины

• изготовитель НКУ

EN

• assembly
• electrical switchboard
• low voltage controlgear and assembly
• low voltage switchboard
• low voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
• low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
• LV switchgear and controlgear assembly
• LV switchgear assembly
• panel
• power switchgear and controlgear assembly
• PSC-assembly
• switchboard
• switchgear and controlgear
• switchgear/controlgear

DE

• Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte

FR

• appareillage
• ensemble d'appareillage de puissance
• ensemble PSC

. в пределах ошибки эксперимента

•

Linear coordinates of... are measured accurate to 0.003 in.

•

This apparatus is accurate within microseconds.

•

Angle "" may be read to 0.01.

•

In these methods weightings are made to ±0.0002 mg.

•

The time scale can be read to (or with) an accuracy (or a precision) of 10 milliseconds.

•

The length of the tube is measured to better than 0.0025 cm.

•

The cam cannot be installed to the required precision.

•

The balance is capable of weighing to the nearest 0.1 mg.

•

Vacuum-tube voltmeters were calibrated to within 1%.

•

These parameters are known with an accuracy of 5%.

•

With a precision of 1 part in 1,000,000,000...

•

For this angle the measurements agreed within 0.1.

•

The contemporary instruments can measure the angular position of stars to a thousandth of a second of arc.

•

Thus it should be possible to obtain a numerical answer good to ±25%.

•

Readings can be obtained to an accuracy of 1 micron.

•

One can predict with an accuracy of 90% or better whether the child will be afflicted with the disorder.

•

Angle settings are accurate to five minutes of arc.

 

комплектное устройство первичного распределения электроэнергии
-
[Интент]

Рис. ABB

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

They are usually installed on the load side of MV/LV transformers or generators.
These assemblies include one or more incoming units, bus ties and a relatively reduced number of outgoing units.
There are also present measuring instruments and other switching and control equipment.
These assemblies have a sturdy structure to withstand the electrodynamic stresses and the weight of big sized apparatus.
As a matter of fact peculiar characteristics of the power center are high rated currents and shortcircuit currents.
The constructional type is a cubicle structure, with metal enclosure and sections divided into compartments with selective access.
[ABB]

Такие устройства обычно подключают на стороне нагрузки СВ/НВ трансформаторов или генераторов.
В их состав входят один или несколько блоков ввода, шины и относительно небольшое число блоков вывода.
В состав комплектного устройства первичного распределения электроэнергии входят также измерительные приборы, коммутационные устройства и средства контроля состояния.
Данные комплектные устройства имеют прочную конструкцию, способную выдерживать электродинамическое действие токов и вес крупногабаритной аппаратуры.
Центры распределения электроэнергии характеризуются высокими номинальным током и током короткого замыкания.
С точки зрения конструктивного исполнения они представляют собой многошкафное комплектное устройство в металлической оболочке, состоящее из секций, каждая из которых разделена на отсеки с независимым доступом.
[Перевод Интент]

Safety enclosed boards are used for most new installations. Common terms used to designate equipment of this type are metal-enclosed switchgear and metal-clad switchgear.
Most safety enclosed boards are of the unit or sectional type. They consist of a combination of the desired number and type of standardized unit sections.
Each section is a standard factory-assembled combination of a formed steel panel and apparatus mounted on a steel framework.

Safety enclosed switchgear may be classified with respect to purpose of application as follows:
1. General medium- or high-voltage switchgear
2. Primary unit substations
3. Rectifier unit substations
4. Secondary unit substations or power centers
5. General low-voltage switchgear
6. Low-voltage distribution switchboards
7. Motor-control-center switchboards

[American electricians’ handbook]

Тематики

• НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
• комплектное распред. устройство (КРУ)

EN

• Power Center
• primary distribution switchgear
• primary unit substation

. характеризоваться

•

Typical of this method is the use of stereoscopic plotting instruments.

•

These regions are typified by the presence of volcanoes and...

. удовлетворять требованиям

•

The design was adequate.

•

The connectors ( fully) conform to (or comply with, or meet, or correspond to) the requirements of...

•

Only in the past ten years have instruments and techniques become equal to the job.

•

The pickup fills the requirements of operational use.

•

Samples will be supplied to fit (or suit) your requirements.

•

These parts fulfil requirements of our specifications.

•

Control materials must be capable of meeting (or satisfying, or fulfilling) several requirements.

•

The relays are compatible with environmental requirements of both military and industrial applications.

•

The machines suit customers' requirements.

•

The process is particularly adapted to welding heavy work.

•

The unit is equipped for push-button or manual starting.

•

These dosimeters are ( well) suited to (or for) such measurements.

•

MF broadcasting requires arrays tailored for special local conditions.

•

Our instruments can be customized for your exact needs.

•

This formulation is most suitable for numerical simulation.

•

The photomultiplier tube can be conditioned to operate at higher voltages.

•

Indirect dryers are especially suited to drying under reduced pressure.

•

Persian clover is particularly adapted to wet, heavy soils.

•

The metric system is geared to human needs.

•

The process is particularly adapted to welding heavy work.

•

The unit is equipped for push-button or manual starting.

•

These dosimeters are ( well) suited to (or for) such measurements.

•

MF broadcasting requires arrays tailored for special local conditions.

•

Our instruments can be customized for your exact needs.

•

This formulation is most suitable for numerical simulation.

•

The photomultiplier tube can be conditioned to operate at higher voltages.

•

Indirect dryers are especially suited to drying under reduced pressure.

•

Persian clover is particularly adapted to wet, heavy soils.

•

The metric system is geared to human needs.